EFFECT OF   IRRIGATION WATER QUANTITY AND SOME ANTIOXIDANTS  ON YIELD AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF SNAP BEAN  GROWN UNDER  SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS

M.M.A. Ramadan

Hort. Res. Inst.. Agric. Res. Center, Egypt

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer  seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at EL-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of irrigation water quantity (1000, 1500 and 2000 m3/fed.) and foliar spray with some antioxidants (salicylic cid at 200 ppm, ascorbic acid at 300 ppm beside control treatments ( sprayed with tap water )  on growth,  plant water relationship, yield and  pod  quality  of snap bean  cv, Bronco. The most important findings could be summarized as follows: The interactions between irrigation of snap bean plants at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of  dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant, increasing  chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (a+b) in leaf tissues, average  pod weight , yield / plant and total pods yield/fed.,  and TSS in green pods. However, the interaction between irrigation water quantity at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with ascorbic acid at 300 ppm recorded the highest values of total and free water (%) in leaf tissues and total carbohydrates and Vit. C in green pods in both seasons, whereas interaction treatment between 1000 m3 water/fed., without antioxidants resulted in the highest values represented bound water and proline amino acid in leaf tissues and total fiber contents  in green pods. On the other hand, the interactions between irrigation water quantity at 1000 m3 water/ fed., and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of  water use efficiency  (2.692 and 2.731 kg green pods/m3 water) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

INTRODUCTION

Snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris, L. is one of the most important member of Fabaceae crops in Egypt, for local consumption and export as an out of vegetable season to European countries. Snap bean also plays an important role for human nutrient as a good source of carbohydrates and protein

The expansion of green bean cultivation is taking place in the new reclaimed lands in Egypt which is characterized as an arid land with very limited sources of irrigation water. Therefore growers have to adopt modern techniques of cultivation to improve water Use Efficiency (WUE).  Beans are rapidly growing plants and very sensitive to soil water conditions and quality, so yield can suffer greatly from even brief periods of water shortage. Under such conditions, water stress reduces yield of the crop,. Water management in green bean production is important at all stages of plant development due to its influence on growth yield and yield quality (Smesrud et al., 1997)

Many studies showed that the vegetative growth, total and exportable yield and pod quality of snap bean are greatly affected by irrigation water quantity, Amer  et al. (2002), Abdel-Mawgoud  (2006) , Sazen et al. (2008),  El-Tohamy et al. (2013),  El-Noemani et al. (2015), Marzouk et al. (2016), Saleh et al. (2018)  and  Vidyashree et al. (2018).

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator known as an endogenous marking molecule, which is implicated in different physiological processes, like growth regulation, photosynthesis, stomatal behavior, nutrient uptake and mechanisms of tolerance to abiotic stresses (Hayat et al., 2010).

Spraying plants with SA increased plant growth ( El-Shraiy and Hegazi 2009, Thomson et al. 2017 on pea), leaf pigments  (Khan et al., 2003 on soybean plant and El-Saadony et al. (2017) on pea, Yield and its components (Amer, 2004, Kmal et al., 2006 on snap bean, Murtaza et al. 2007 pea and Khafaga et al. (2009)  and Abbas  et al. (2014 ) on faba bean, Shafeek et al. (2014) and Shokr et al (2014) on snap bean.

Ascorbic acid is an important antioxidant in plants which accumulates in plants as an adaptive mechanism to environmental stress such as water stress, Ascorbic acid regulates stress response as a result of a complex sequence of biochemical reactions such as activation or suppression of key enzymatic reactions, induction of stress responsive proteins synthesis, and the  production of various chemical defense compounds and it had a protective role in plant cells from the adverse effects of water  stress (Khan et al. 2011). Spraying plants with ascorbic acid recorded the best results for enhancing growth (Burguieres et al., 2007, Azooz and Al-Fredan, 2009, Younis et al. 2010, Hamaiel et al., 2016 on snap bean, Al-Amry and  Mohammed, 2017 and  Rasheed,  2018 on broad bean ). 

Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the interactive effect of irrigation quantity and spraying with some antioxidants (salicylic and ascorbic acids) on the growth, yield and pod quality of green bean plants under sandy soil conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive  summer  seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at EL-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of  irrigation water quantity  and  foliar spray  with some antioxidants on growth,  plant water relationship, yield and  pod  quality  of snap bean  cv, Bronco.

The soil physical and chemical of the used experimental properties site in sandy soil for the two experimental seasons, had 0.14 and 0.15 % organic matter, 8.01 and 7.99 pH, 2.05 and 2.16 mmhos/cm EC, 3.93 and 3.71 ppm available N, 3.92 and 3.97 available P and 12.15 and 13.12 available K in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

This experiment included 9 treatments, which were the combinations between the three irrigation levels (1000, 1500 and 2000 m³/fed.) and the two antioxidants (spraying with salicylic acid at 200 ppm, ascorbic acid at 300 ppm, beside control (sprayed with tap water). These treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replications.  Irrigation water quantity was assigned at random in the main plots, while, sub plots were devoted to antioxidants as foliar application .

The experimental unit area was 10.8 m² and it contains three drippers lines with 6m length for each and 60cm width, and the distance between drippers was 25cm, thus each replicate contains 72 drippers. The middle dripper line was used for data collection and the others were used for yield determination. Two rows were left between irrigation levels and 50cm was left between plots as a guard space to avoid the overlapping of irrigation water.

The seeds of snap bean were obtained from Hort. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Egypt. Seeds were sown on 12^th and 14^th March in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively in hills 15 cm apart on one side of dripper, two seeds per hill were grown and then it thinned after completely emergency to one plant/ hill.

All experimental units were received equal amounts of water during germination (50m³/feddan). The first irrigation treatments were started after 10 days from emergence, then the irrigation treatments were started on 22 and 24^th March in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively of study. The irrigation treatments stopped at 27 and 29^th May in 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively. The water was added using water counter and pressure counter.  The irrigations were added two days intervals in the morning along plant life.

The amounts of water which added at the different treatments were calculated, expressed in terms of time based on the rate of water flow through the drippers (2L/hr.) at one bar to give such amounts of water presented in schedule (1). 

Spraying with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid were applied using hand pressure sprayer three times at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing, in both seasons.

 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were added in the form of ammonium sulphate (20.5 % N), calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P₂O₅) and potassium sulphate (48 % K₂O) at the rates of 80 kg N, 37 kg P₂O₅ and 50 kg K₂O, respectively. One third of all fertilizers were added at the time of soil preparation with 20 m³/fed. FYM, but the rest were divided into 10 equal portions and were added through water irrigation system (fertigation) by 3 days intervals, beginning 15 days after sowing. The other normal agricultural treatments for growing snap bean plants were practiced.

Data Recorded

1. Plant growth:   after 60 days from seed sowing different ten plant parts from every experimental unit were oven dried at 70 ^oC till constant weight, and the following data were recorded:  Dry weight of branches, dry weight of leaves (g) and total dry weight (branches +leaves) (g).

2. Photosynthetic pigments:  Disk samples from the fourth upper leaf were obtained after 60 days from sowing in all plots to determined chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids in both seasons according to the method described by Wettestein (1957).

Schedule (1): The time (minute) and amounts of applied irrigation water (m³) during the growth period of snap bean via dripper

3. Plant water relations: Total, free and bound water in the fourth upper leaf of snap bean plants were determined for every experimental unit at 60 days after sowing, in both seasons, according to the method described by Gosev (1960).

4. Proline amino acid content:   was determined in the leaves at 60 days after sowing in both seasons of study according to Bates (1973).

5. Pod yield and its components: Green pods of each plot were harvested at the proper maturity stage ( at 75 days after sowing), counted and weighted in each  harvest and yield / plant  and  total fresh pod yield (ton /fed.) were determined. Ten plants were randomly marked from each plot for determining the number of pods/plant. Twenty pods were randomly chosen from each treatment to determine; average weight of pod (gm) and pod length (cm).

6.Water use efficiency (WUE)

It was calculated according to equation of Begg and Turner (1976) as follows

Water use efficiency =

                        Yield (kg/fed)            

            -------------------------------------  = kg/m³

               Water quantity (m³/fed)        

7. Pod quality; Randomly samples of pods from each treatment were taken to assay the following characters: Total soluble solids contents (TSS) as brix^o: total soluble solids content using the hand refractometer. Total carbohydrate (%):  was determined in pods dry matter according to the method described by Dubois et al. (1956). Pod total N % was determined and a factor of 6.25 was used for conversion of total protein percentage (Kelly and Bliss, 1975). Vitamin C (mg/100gf.w.) was determined in juice using 2, 6 dicholorophenol indophenol dye according to A.O.A.C (1990). Crude fibers were determined as percentage according to Maynard (1970).

Statistical analysis:

The data of this experiment was subjected to proper statistical analysis of variance according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980) and the differences among treatments were compared using LSD at 0.05 level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Plant Growth

Quantity of irrigation water resulted in a significant alternation in dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant in the two grown seasons (Table 1). Irrigation water up to the highest level (2000 m³/fed.), recorded the highest values of dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant, while irrigation water quantity at 1000 m³/fed.  recorded the lowest values if the pervious characters, in both seasons.

The relative increases in total dry weight were about (19.21 and 16.71%) for 1500 m³/fed., and (47.26 and 56.08%) for 2000 m³ water/fed., over than treatment (1000 m³ water/fed.) in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

 The decline in  branches and leaves  dry weights in  response to drought might be due to the reduction  in cell elongation resulting from the inhibiting effect of  water shortage on growth promoting hormones which, in turn, led to a decrease in each of cell turgor, cell volume and eventually cell growth (Banon et al., 2006).

These results are harmony with those reported with Amer et al. (2002), Abdel-Mawgoud (2007) and Sazen et al. (2008) on snap bean. They found that increasing water quantity increased dry weight of snap bean plants.

Table (1). Effect of irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on dry weight of different plant organs of snap bean at 60 days after sowing during 2017 and 2018 seasons

Concerning the effect of foliar application of antioxidants, it was quite clear from data in Table 1 that, spraying snap bean plants with salicylic acid (SA) or ascorbic acid (Vit. C)  exerted the highest effect for enhancing dry weight of branches and leaves as well as total dry weight/ plant as compared to unsprayed plants, however, where spraying plants with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of different organs dry weight or total dry weight / plant, in both seasons.

The relative increases in total dry weight were about (24.91 and 30.79%) for SA treatment and (13.38 and 14.57%) for Vit. C treatment over than unsprayed plants in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator known as an endogenous marking molecule, which is implicated in different physiological processes, like tolerance to abiotic stresses (Hayat et al., 2010).  Ascorbic acid is an important antioxidant in plants which accumulates in plants as an adaptive mechanism to environmental stress such as water stress.

The effect of ascorbic acid on snap bean growth can be discussed on the ground that ascorbic acid seems to enhance biosynthesis of soluble sugars and carbohydrates which are vital steps in stepping up plant tissues (Rady, 2006). Moreover, ascorbic acid has auxinic effect and protects plant cells against free radicals that are responsible for plant senescence (Elade, 1992) and has effectual role in many metabolic and physiological processes (Shadded et al., 1990).

Results are in agreement with El-Shraiy and Hegazi (2009) and Thomson et al. (2017) on pea as for the effect of SA and Burguieres et al. (2007) with respect to Vit. C

As for the interactions between water quantity and spraying with antioxidants as foliar application, it is evident from data presented in Table 2 that the interactions treatment between irrigation water quantity at 2000 m³/ fed., with SA application recorded the highest values of dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant in both seasons. While the lowest values were obtained with the interactions between 1000 m³/fed. irrigation water and unsprayed plants in both seasons.

The relative increases in total dry weight/ plant due to the interactions between 2000 m³ water/ fed., and spraying with SA were about 81.36 and 102.12 % over irrigation water quantity at 1000 m³/fed., without SA or Vit. C in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

2. Photosynthetic Pigments

The current data in Table 3 show that irrigating snap bean plants with 2000 m³/fed., recorded the highest values of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and lowest values of carotenoides in leaf tissues in both seasons. On the other hand, snap bean plants grown under water stress (1000 m³/fed.) recorded the lowest values of chlorophylls and highest values of carotenoides. The reduction in chlorophyll content under water stress implies a lowered capacity for light harvesting. Since the production of reactive oxygen species is mainly driven by excess energy absorption in the photosynthetic apparatus, this might be avoided by degrading the absorbing pigments (Herbinger et al., 2002). These results agree with El-Noemani et al. (2015) on snap bean.

It is clear from the data in Table 3 that the spraying snap been plants with SA or Vit. C of exerted a marked significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll ( a+b) than unsprayed plants in both seasons. However sprayed plants with Sa recorded the maximum concentration of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in leaf tissues of snap bean, followed by Vit. C in both seasons. While spraying with antioxidants did not reflect any significant effect on carotenoides in both seasons.

Table (2). Effect of interaction between irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on dry weight of different plant organs of snap bean at 60 days after sowing during  2017 and 2018 seasons

Table (3). Effect of irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on leaf pigments of snap bean leaves (mg/g DW) at 60 days after sowing during 2017 and 2018 seasons

SA has direct involvement in plant growth, thermogenesis, flower induction and uptake of ions. It affects ethylene biosynthesis, stomata movement and also reverses the effects of ABA on leaf abscission. It has an important role in enhancement the level of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, photosynthetic rate and modifying the activity of some important enzymes (Abdel-Ati et al., 2000).

Ascorbic acid a good scavenger of activated oxygen as O2, OH, 1O2 and reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water via ascorbate peroxidase reaction (Noctor and Foyer, 1998), as well as, enhancing the accumulation of chlorophyll and delay senescence (Novabour et al., 2003). These results are similar to that recorded by Khan et al. (2003) on soybean plant and El-Saadony et al. (2017) on pea for salicylic acid and Hamaiel et al. (2016) on snap bean for ascorbic acid.

Concerning the interactions between water quantity and spraying with antioxidants as foliar application, it is evident from data presented in Table 4 that the interaction treatments between irrigation water quantity of 2000 m³/ fed.  and SA application gave the best results for increasing chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in both seasons. The interaction between 1000 m³/fed. irrigation water and foliar spraying with SA gave the highest concentration of carotenoides in both seasons.

Table (4). Effect of interaction between irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on leaf pigments of snap bean leaves (mg/g DW) at 60 days after sowing during 2017 and 2018 seasons.

3. Plant Water Relations

The obtained data in Table 5 show that total and free water (%) of snap bean leaf tissue significantly increased with increasing irrigation water quantity.   Water quantity of 2000 m³/fed., increased total and free water (%) in leaf tissues, whereas 1000 m³ water quantity/fed., increased bound water, and proline amino acid concentration in leaf tissues of snap bean plants in both seasons.

The increasing in bound water and the reduction in free water under water stress were mainly due to the increases in osmotic pressure resulted from the conversion of starch into soluble carbohydrates as indicated by Lancher (1993). Also, Barker et al. (1993) found that leaf proline concentration averaged 20 times greater in the stressed plant compared to well watered plants. In this regard, Stewart (1977) reported that the conversion of proline to glutamic acid and hence to other soluble compounds proceeds readily in turgid leaves and it is stimulated by higher concentrations of proline. This suggests that proline oxidation could function as a control mechanism for maintaining low cellular levels of proline in turgid tissues. In water stressed, however, proline oxidation is reduced to negligible rates. It seems likely that inhibition of proline oxidation is necessary in maintaining high levels of proline found in stressed levels. These results were found to be agree with El-Tayeb (2006) who found that free amino acids including proline were significantly accumulated in response to drought stress.

Table (5): Effect of irrigation water quantity, some antioxidants foliar application on plant water relationship and proline amino acid of snap bean at 60 days after sowing during 2017 and 2018 seasons

Obtained data  in Table 5 show that spraying  plants with SA or Vit.C  significantly affected  total and free water  in snap bean leaf tissues  than unsprayed treatment in both seasons, where  spraying  snap bean plants   with SA increased  total water  and free water, meanwhile it decrease bound water and proline amino acid  in leaf tissues.  Unsprayed plants increased bound water and proline amino acid in both seasons. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator known as an mechanisms of tolerance to abiotic stresses (Hayat et al., 2010).

Presented data in Table 6 show that, the interaction between water irrigation quantity of 2000 m³/fed., and spraying snap bean plants with antioxidants, i.e., SA or Vit. C were the superior treatments for increasing total and free water (%) in leaf tissues, whereas interaction treatment between 1000 m³ water/fed. and unsprayed plants with antioxidants resulted in the highest values of bound water and proline amino acid and lowest values of total and free water in leaf tissues. Salicylic acid as anti-stress substance may enhance the plant tolerance to environmental stresses (Sreenivasulu et al., 2000).

4. Yield and its Components and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)

 Data presented in Table 7 show that, average pod weight, number of pods/ plant, yield/ plant and total yield per fed., as well as water use efficiency significantly affected by irrigation treatments in both seasons.

Table (6): Effect of interaction between irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on plant water relationship and proline amino acid of snap  bean at 60 days after  sowing during 2017 and 2018 seasons

Table (7): Effect of irrigation water quantity, some antioxidants foliar application on yield and its components and water use efficiency during 2017 and 2018 seasons

Average pod weight, number of pods/ plant, yield/ plant and total yield per fed were significantly increased with increasing water quantity up to the highest rate (2000 m³/fed.). In both seasons. While the highest value of water use efficiency (2.118 and 2.267 kg pods/ m³ water) was recorded with 1000 m³/fed.  followed by (1.749 and 2.052 kg pods /m³ water) with water quantity at 1500 m³/fad.  and then water (1.565 and 1.775 kg pods/m³ water) with 2000 m³/fed. in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

The relative increases in total yield were about (47.73 and 56.59%) for 2000 m³/fad., and (23.89 and 45.32%) for 1500 m³ water/fad. over than the treatment (1000 m³ water/fed.) in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

The increases in total yield might be due to the increase in average pod weight (Table 7). Also, this might be due to the favorable effect of higher amounts of irrigation water on vegetative growth (Table 1) and photosynthetic pigments (Table 3).

These results were found to be agree with those reported by Marzouk et al. (2016), and Vidyashree et al. (2018). They found that increasing irrigation levels up to the highest rate increasing yield and its components of snap bean. Regarding water use efficiency, Saleh et al. (2018) showed that WUE progressively increased when decreasing the water application from 100 to 60% of ET.

As regards the effect of antioxidants foliar application, it was evident from the data in Table 7 that spraying snap bean plants with SA or Vit. C had a significant effects on yield and its components and water use efficiency in both seasons. Spraying plants with SA recorded the maximum increment of average pod weight, number of pods/ plant, yield/ plant and total yield per fed.  as well as water use efficiency in both seasons.

The relative increases in total yield as the results of spraying plants with SA were about (38.70 and 32.13%). and (23.56 and 16.83%) for Vit C.  over unsprayed plants in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

The increase in total yield might be due to the increase in average pod weight (Table 7). Also, this might be due to the favorable effect of SA or Vit. C.on vegetative growth (Table 1) as previously explained and leaf pigments (Table 2). These results agreed with the results reported by Amer (2004), Kmal et al. (2006) on snap bean, Shafeek et al. (2014)  and Shokr et al. (2014) on snap bean regarding SA and Hamaiel et al. (2016) on snap bean and  Rasheed  (2018) on broad bean concerning Vit.C.

It is clear from the data in Table 8 that, irrigation of snap bean plants with 2000 m³ water /fed., and spraying plants with SA recorded the highest values of average  pod weight , yield / plant and total yield/fed., while, irrigation with 1000 m³ water/ fed., combined with SA increased water use efficiency ( 2.692 and 2.731 kg green pods/m³ water) in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

The increases in total yield/fed., were about 143.39 and 111.75 % for the interactions between water quantity at 2000 m³/fad., and spraying plants with SA over the interactions between water quantity of 1000 m³/fed.  and unsprayed plants in the 1^st and 2^nd seasons, respectively.

Pod Quality

Data in Table 9 show that total fiber (%), total soluble solids (%), total carbohydrates and vitamin C contents in pod tissues were significantly affected by irrigation water quantity in both seasons. Irrigation water quantity at 2000 m³/fed. significantly increased total soluble solids (%), total carbohydrates and vitamin C contents and decreased total fiber (%) in pod tissues.

These results agreed with Saleh et al. (2018) on snap bean, they showed that the highest volume of irrigation water (100% of ET) resulted in the highest contents of total protein, total sugar, Vit. C and lowest values of fiber contents in green pods.

Respecting to the effect of antioxidants on pod quality, it was observed from the pervious table that spraying snap bean plants with SA or Vit.C had significant effect on all traits of pod quality in both seasons. Spraying plants with SA increased TSS, while spraying wit Vit. C increased total carbohydrates and Vit. C contents in pods, on the other hand unsprayed treatment increased total fiber (%) in pods in both seasons. Results are harmony with those reported by Shokr et al (2014) on snap bean regarding SA and  Hamaiel  et al. (2016) on snap bean as for Vit. C

Table (8): Effect of interaction between irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on yield and its componentsand water use efficiency of snap  bean during  2017 and 2018 seasons

Table (9): Effect of irrigation water quantity, some antioxidants foliar application on pod quality of snap bean during 2017 and 2018 seasons

As for the interactions effect data in Table 10 show that, the interaction treatments between water quantity and spraying with antioxidants had significant effect on pod quality, in both seasons. TSS, had the highest values with the interactions treatment between water quantity at 2000 m³/fed., and spraying plants with SA, total carbohydrates and Vit. C were the maximum with 2000 m³/fed. and spraying with Vit. C, while total fiber (%) was the highest by the interactions between 1000 m³ water/fed., without antioxidants in both season.

Conclusively, at similar experimental conditions it could be concluded that, the irrigation    of snap bean plants with 2000m³/fed., and spraying with SA at 200 ppmwas the proper for enhancing yield and improved green pod quality.

Table (10): Effect of interaction between irrigation water quantity and some antioxidants foliar application on pod quality of snap bean during 2017 and 2018 seasons.

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